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| Discussion on The Frame Theory |
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| 发布时间：2015-03-27 点击： 次 |
Nowadays, as one of the critical elements in interpersonal relationship in harmonious society, the doctor-patient relationship is unprecedentedly challenged. In the morning on 28, October, 2013, more than 100 medical staffs gathered together to protest again medical violence. There were 6 events happening in China about the injuries from the patients to medical staffs in the past 10 days. Many doctors and nurses were injured seriously and even died. The reasons are complicated. Among all the reasons, the unprofessional reports from media are inevitably making the relationship worse. Reports about the medical disputes are too exaggerated and result in the tense relationship between doctors and patients. Statics have shown that among 89 reports about medical disputes, 62 of them begin to criticize doctors and show sympathy to patients even before an authorized research has been done.
According to the research, Reese, S.D the definition about the frame theory can be classified into 3 catalogues. The first definition focuses on the effect and production of medium. According to opinion of Entman, R. frame is a choice of several aspects and make it stand out in the communication texts. In this way, it can result in the definition, explanation and suggestion to a unique problem. Te second definition is restrict not about choice but regard it as a generation of positive meanings. Gamson.W and some other scholars definite frame as a concept of organizational function. Goffman.E once said that frame does help to classification, and enable people to understand, confirm about events. Thirdly, some people believe that frame is not only the generation of meaning but also the means of selection. In this aspect, Gitlin has a representative definition to the frame. He said that, frame is over time cognition, explanation and narration. (McCombs and Shaw 1972).
Frame is based on the assumption that how an issue is characterized in news reports can have an influence on how it is understood by audiences. Framing is often traced back to roots in both psychology and sociology (Pan and Kosicki, 1993). The experimental work conducted by Kahneman and Tversky is the psychological origins of framing This work also brought Kahneman the 2002 Nobel Prize in economics. In this research, Kahnmeman and Tversky examined how different presentations of essentially identical decision-making scenarios influence people’s choices and their evaluation of the various options presented to them. Goffman and some others assumed that individuals cannot understand the world fully and constantly struggle to interpret their life experiences and to make sense of the world around and all of these formed the sociological foundations of framing. Goffman argues, individuals therefore apply interpretive schemas or “primary frameworks” to classify information and interpret it meaningfully.
In the previous situation we have taken for example, we find that the importance of framing work in the situation of the medical disputes. In the previous reports, the readers are confined into the believing that medical staffs are responsible for the disputes and the patients are innocent. Let us take some of them as examples. In the thesis named Chinese doctors are under threat published in August, 2010, the author dives into the difficult situations of Chinese medical staffs and believes that it’s the unprofessional reports about medical staffs that lead to the tense situation of the relationship between doctors and patients. (Brewer and McCombs, 1996). In 2010, a pregnant woman gave birth to a little boy and was found that his anus was stitched. The husband doubted that the nurse tried to take revenge since she had not received any benefits from the customers. Before the beginning of the investigation, the report had been released. Actually, the real reason for the existence of anus is that doctors tried to stop bleeding and make a small operation. After the report about it, the readers are easily to show their sympathy to the little boy and his family members. However, the reality is not like this. Another incident is like this. In 2012, a 17-year-old young teenager killed a 27-year-old doctor and also resulted in 3 injured. News about it had been released online and 60 percent of readers showed their happiness toward the result and many mediums interpreted it as disputes between doctors and patients. (Terkildsen and Ling, 1998). In this kind of report, the medium workers try to attract the attention of readers and make a way of hatred and encourage the existence of hatred. In the three situations mentioned before, we can notice the importance of frame theory. Since the medium workers make a lot of unprofessional reports, the readers are misled. In these reports, they tend to show their sympathy to the patients and family members and criticize the behaviors of the medical staffs. This is really a misleading to the understanding of relationship between doctors and patients. In reality, only part of doctors has immoral behaviors. However, it’s concluded by the medium staffs that it’s a prevalent phenomenon in this field and finally stirs up the dissatisfaction of patients and lead to the happening of disputes. Let’s suggest another solution. If the medium workers can analysis the reasons objectively and show no bias to any part of them, the result will be totally different. Readers will understand situations of medical workers and help to find out ways to solute the tense relationship between medical workers and patients.
With the rapid development of modern medium industry, people are now living in three kinds of different realities. The three realities can be classified into: objective reality, medium reality and subjective reality. Objective reality refers to the real world that we are living. For special group of people, real world is boundless and people can only know about it indirectly. Medium reality refers to the situation presented by the media. Ideally, medium should report the subjective reality. But due to various reasons, they can’t make it. The third one refers to the subjective reality. It refers to the cognition to the reality achieved by the mass audience. This kind of cognition can also be achieved by other ways, including personal experience, books. From media reality to subjective reality becomes an important research topic for the mass communication. (Cappella and amieson,1997).
The strength of the theory is that it can lead people to different standpoints. The weakness is that it may also misused by other people. As a common student who determines to be a reporter in the future, I find this theory useful. I think we can try to lead people to think in a positive way in our daily life. We can also make it into use in our daily life. Imagine that if we influence people around us in a positive thinking way, how the world will be changed. The theory does not off-base in some ways.
[1] McCombs,M.E.and Shaw,D.L.(1972).The Agenda-SettingFunction of Mass Media.Public Opinion Quarterly
[2] Brewer,M.and McCombs,M.E.(1996).Setting the Communityagenda.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly
[3] Cappella,J.W.&Jamieson,K.H.(1997).Spiral of Cyracism:The Press and the Public Good.NY:Oxford University Press
[4] Terkildsen,N.;Schnell,F.I.;&Ling;C.(1998).Interestgroups,the media,and policy debate formation:analysis ofmassage structure,rhetoric,and source cues.PoliticalCommunication
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